[visionlist] Plagiarism checks in Empirical Manuscripts

Tue Jul 11 11:48:21 -05 2017

Dear Tom,

Surely, wild copy/paste sprees like the one you mention are undesirable
from the point of view of readers and editors.

However, I disagree that editorial policing is the only - or even an
adequate - way to deal with the two potential problems you mention. They
only occur if hiring committees and those evaluating evidence count papers
instead of reading them. Wherever that is is the case, _that's_ the
problem. Imo, we shouldn't choose editorial practices to accommodate it.

Best,
Ben

2017-07-11 10:53 GMT+01:00 Tom Wallis <tsawallis at gmail.com>:

> Hi all,
>
> I'm sympathetic to Peter's desire to avoid "busywork" in re-writing parts
> of introductions, and of course it's pointless to re-write standard methods
> (as in Malte's original comment). However, I don't think the guidelines
> against self-plagarism are so easily dismissed ("I can't steal from
> myself").
>
> In my mind they exist to reduce the risk of CV-padding by re-use or
> "salami-slicing" research work into multiple outputs. Further to Jim's
> comment, this CV-padding via (self-)plagiarism is by no means limited to
> students at unknown universities trying to get ahead – see for example the
> recent highly-publicised implosion of Brian Wansink's Cornell Food and
> Brand Lab (detailed here: http://www.timvanderzee.com/
> the-wansink-dossier-an-overview/). Wansink's work includes numerous cases
> of blatant self-plagiarism, both in text (some articles containing up to
> 50% of the same text) and in data duplication. Not only does this practice
> disadvantage those scientists who don't engage in this practice ("candidate
> A has many more papers than candidate B!"), it also could create a false
> impression of the empirical support for some theory or guideline ("over 50
> studies show that X does Y!"). Without guidelines against self-plagarism,
> there would be no way to explicitly police these practices.
>
> While I think it's important that these guidelines exist, I agree with
> others that they (and automated plagiarism detection software) should be
> applied with sufficient editorial common sense. Materials and Methods, and
> a paragraph in the introduction (with appropriate citation) seem fine, when
> the bulk of the paper presents new results and ideas.
>
> Best
>
> Tom
>
> --
> Thomas Wallis, PhD
> Project Leader, SFB 1233 Robust Vision
> AG Bethge
> Center for Integrative Neuroscience
> Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
> Otfried-Müller-Str 25
> 72076 Tübingen
> Germany
> www.tomwallis.info
>
>
> On Tue, Jul 11, 2017 at 3:31 AM, Jim Ferwerda <jaf at cis.rit.edu> wrote:
>
>> I too had a “funny” experience relative to journal plagiarism.
>>
>> A few years back I wanted to look at a paper I had presented/published
>> several years before at Human Vision and Electronic Imaging. Rather than
>> dig through my computer, I googled the paper title: “Three Varieties of
>> Realism in Computer Graphics”. The paper came up as the first hit, but
>> several hits down was a paper titled “Hi-Fidelity Computer Graphics"
>> published in the “International Journal of Innovative Research in
>> Technology”. Since I was intrigued, I downloaded the paper and started
>> reading. After a page of introduction, the text became strangely familiar.
>> The “authors” of the paper had cut-and-pasted four pages of the eight page
>> document directly from my paper!
>>
>> After doing some further investigation I found that the three authors
>> (M.S. students at an obscure Indian university) had done this several
>> times, “borrowing” from different published papers and switching up the
>> author order, with the goal of padding their CV’s. Some further reading
>> revealed that sadly, this is a widespread practice in some
>> countries/fields, and that there are many “pay-to-play” journals that will
>> publish whatever they are given as long as the publishing fee is received.
>>
>> So who knows, you, like me, might have more co-authors than you think!
>>
>> Cheers
>>
>> -Jim
>>
>> p.s. In case you're interested in padding /your/ CV the website for the
>> journal is
>>
>> http://ijirt.org/
>>
>> Submission is easy. Make sure to have your credit card ready!
>>
>>
>> On Jul 10, 2017, at 3:46 PM, Robert Sekuler <sekuler at brandeis.edu> wrote:
>>
>> I had a funny experience being flagged for possible plagiarism.
>>
>> The journal's very thorough plagiarism detector reported that a high
>> proportion of my submission was duplicated from a document that it found on
>> the web.
>>
>> No surprise, though. Turns out the duplicated article was an early draft
>> of the submitted article that I had posted on my website. And the editor
>> immediately understood what had happened. No harm done.
>>
>> Bob sekuler
>>
>> ----------------------------
>> Professor of Neuroscience
>> F & L Salvage Professor of Psychology
>> Brandeis University
>>
>>
>> On Jul 10, 2017, at 14:46, Horowitz, Todd (NIH/NCI) [E] <
>> todd.horowitz at nih.gov> wrote:
>>
>> To be blunt, I would like to know the name of the journal. Any journal
>> with such shoddy editorial practices should be avoided.
>>
>> Thanks
>> Todd Horowitz
>>
>>
>> *From: *"Persike, Malte" <persike at uni-mainz.de>
>> *Date: *Monday, July 10, 2017 at 10:59 AM
>> *To: *"visionlist at visionscience.com" <visionlist at visionscience.com>
>> *Subject: *[visionlist] Plagiarism checks in Empirical Manuscripts
>>
>> Dear Vision Community,
>>
>> during publishing of a recent manuscript, I received a request from the
>> editorial office to alter a number of sections in said manuscript. The
>> request was triggered by an automated plagiarism check using CrossCheck.
>> The whole process left me so puzzled that I thought I‘d share my experience
>> here, combined with a humble request for a broader debate about the issue
>> of plagiarism in empirical research.
>>
>> First, what happened? The report contained a whopping 24 different items,
>> each asserting plagiarism of the works of others. The email from the
>> editorial office was phrased accordingly. It asked to “amend the affected
>> sections by either identifying the fact that it has been reproduced or by
>> using original words”, thus presuming all 24 instances of supposed
>> plagiarism to be veridical. Most of them were not.
>>
>> After a very thorough debate about all 24 items with my co-authors and an
>> expert for good scientific conduct at our university’s library, 22 out of
>> all 24 items were discarded. The remaining 2 items were far from verbatim
>> copies of whole sections. They were small parts of larger sentences
>> together with explicit citations of the sources from which those parts were
>> derived. The other 22 items were discarded not due to subjective reasoning
>> but due to obvious glitches in the plagiarism checking algorithms. This
>> amounts to a rate of 91.6% false positives. I’ll describe some of the more
>> silly instances at the end of this text, but that is not the reason for my
>> posting here.
>>
>> Instead, the point I very much like to discuss with you is the handling
>> of possible plagiarism in empirical studies. Do we have an agreed code of
>> conduct for authoring pieces of empirical science? Let me highlight only a
>> few points.
>>
>> 1) How do we treat Materials and Methods? The Stimuli section will
>> necessarily contain similar phrasings when reporting about research that
>> uses identical paradigms. The Apparatus section will also be quite similar
>> between related studies, as will the Participants section. The same holds
>> for the Ethics Statement and the Measures and Analysis. Is it really
>> desirable that we need to come up with ever so slightly different
>> formulations for identical things, only to avoid verbatim copies? Are there
>> not limitations as to how a temporal 2-AFC task can be described with
>> appropriate brevity? And would it – particularly for Methods and Results
>> –perhaps even be prudent to stick to a rather formulaic language protocol
>> in order to make reception easier? I for one would certainly not wish to
>> read a Methods section which goes like “Stimuli were created according to
>> XY (2004). Handling of Participants was similar to XY (2010). Apparatus was
>> as described in XY (1998). Task was taken from XY (2001). Analysis and
>> measures are according to XY (1992).” This does not help me to efficiently
>> understand what’s being done.
>>
>> 2) How do we handle self-citations? Many of us work on the same topics
>> over long stretches of time, sometimes decades. Good scientific research
>> usually means to advance present knowledge step by step, pulling only very
>> few levers at once for each new experiment. Is it not to be expected that
>> at some point we have arrived at concise, well-formulated, and most
>> comprehensible ways to verbally introduce specific concepts. Is it really
>> necessary that we find ever new ways to phrase the exact same ideas?
>>
>> 3) Is it the prime virtue of empirical research to be phrased originally?
>> Is it not first and foremost the results and their implications that define
>> original and interesting work? Even if we set high standards of originality
>> for the prose in empirical articles, how should brief verbatim copies be
>> handled? Let me give one example. Suppose, the abstract of a paper reads
>> like “We used faces, non-face objects, Gabors, and colored Gaussian blobs
>> to investigate the role of stimulus complexity on visual processing.” I
>> find it highly questionable to then have a sentence like “XY (2001) used
>> faces, non-face objects, Gabors, and colored Gaussian blobs to investigate
>> the role of stimulus complexity.”, written by another author, qualify as
>> plagiarism or needing quotes. Why should the latter author attempt to
>> rephrase something that had already been so concisely summarized by the
>> original authors?
>>
>> 4) Is it common consensus that automated plagiarism checking without
>> editorial oversight is the yardstick against which to evaluate the
>> originality of scientific manuscripts?
>>
>> I’d very much love to have an informed discussion with you. In part
>> because I imagine that the plagiarism report I received may turn out to be
>> the rule rather than the exception, hence we might all face hours of
>> checking and re-checking during future publishing attempts.
>>
>> Kind regards to all of you
>>   Malte Persike
>>
>> --
>>
>> And here come some of the highlights from the plagiarism report issued to
>> me.
>>
>> (i) My institutional address “Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz,
>> Wallstr. 3, D-55122 Mainz, Germany” and the immediately following heading
>> “Abstract” were flagged as plagiarism.
>>
>> (ii) The E-Mail addresses of the authors were flagged as a plagiarism.
>>
>> (iii) Citations and year numbers, e.g. “(Persike et al., 2015)” were
>> included in the word count for multiple items. This had ridiculous
>> consequences. To name only two of the most blatant ones: one plagiarism
>> item was defined by the words “Author et al., 1993 […] et al. […] the […]
>> et al., 1997” (with a few unflagged words inbetween), another item was
>> defined by the words “Author1 and Author2, 1994; Author3 and Author4, 2001)
>> and”.
>>
>> (iv) Mathematical symbols, brand names and notational terms had been
>> included in the report. One item therefore consisted almost entirely of
>> parts of a mathematical formula, the product names “ViSaGe” and “ColorCal
>> colorimeter”, the brand name “Cambridge Research Systems LLC”, the term
>> “Michelson contrast”, and the phrase “were run in Matlab”.
>>
>> (v) Many of the report items contained common phrases used in
>> neuroscience research, some of which were even multiply counted. For
>> example, one item was defined by the mere phrase “to the ability of the
>> visual system”, counted two times, plus a reference. A quick Google search
>> turned up more than 150,000 hits for this exact phrase and Google Scholar
>> yields more than a hundred authors who have also used this phrase in their
>> works.
>>
>> (vi) The CrossCheck system invented false positives. One item contained
>> the phrase “V2 neurons are highly selective”, another item referred to the
>> phrase “to a particular combination of line components”. These phrases were
>> not copied from anywhere but are original. In fact, they are so original
>> that Google Scholar yields precisely zero search results for each of them.
>> The sources from where these phrases were claimed to be derived do not
>> include such sequences of words anywhere in the entire texts.
>>
>>
>> --
>> Dr. Malte Persike
>>
>> Department for Statistical Methods
>> Psychological Institute
>> Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
>> Wallstr. 3
>> D-55122 Mainz
>>
>> fon:    +49 (6131) 39 39260 <06131%203939260>
>> fax:    +49 (6131) 39 39186 <06131%203939186>
>> mobile: +49 (1525) 4223363 <01525%204223363>
>>
>>
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-- 
Dr. Benjamin de Haas <http://bendehaas.wordpress.com/>
DFG Research Fellow
<http://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/270845599?language=en>
Sam Pen Du Lab <http://sampendu.wordpress.com/> & BUCNI
<http://bucni.psychol.ucl.ac.uk/>
Experimental Psychology
<https://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/research/experimental-psychology/>, UCL
<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/>

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