<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Hi everyone,</font><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">For the <b>phenomenon of the "third eye" </b>please see, for example:</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">"imaginäres Deckauge" after Hering ~1861 or 1879</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">"Zyklopenauge" after Helmholtz</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">For both of the above, see for example </font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">pages 892 and 893</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">:</span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bU-oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA892&lpg=PA892&dq='imagin%C3%A4res+Deckauge'&source=bl&ots=FJg7XyXMjP&sig=ACfU3U2j7zIV0wioMbZyBvgQK6YyL3NHmw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqtaaNtNzkAhVPqp4KHen7DAQQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q='imagin%C3%A4res%20Deckauge'&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=bU-oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA892&lpg=PA892&dq=%27imagin%C3%A4res+Deckauge%27&source=bl&ots=FJg7XyXMjP&sig=ACfU3U2j7zIV0wioMbZyBvgQK6YyL3NHmw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqtaaNtNzkAhVPqp4KHen7DAQQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q='imagin%C3%A4res%20Deckauge'&f=false</a></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">or even much earlier:</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">"Horopter" after Franciscus Aguilonius, 1613:</font></div><div><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 14.95px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Aguilonii, F.: e Societate Iesv Opticorvm libri sex. Plantin, Antverpiae 1613, page 111 </font></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 14px; ">Here is a link to Aguilonius' book: </span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/opticorumlibrise00agui#page/110/mode/2up">https://archive.org/stream/opticorumlibrise00agui#page/110/mode/2up</a></font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">See the diagram in the upper right corner on page 111.</font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Best regards</font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Wolfgang Fink</font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br></font></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;">Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Fink, Fellow AIMBE, PHM, daVinci (UA), ACABI (UA)<br>Inaugural Edward & Maria Keonjian Endowed Chair<br>Senior Member IEEE & SPIE<br>InTelMed Director: <a href="http://intelmed.arizona.edu/">http://intelmed.arizona.edu/</a><br>Mars Agricultural Research Consortium Board Member: <a href="http://www.marsag.org/">http://www.marsag.org/</a><br>General Chairman for PHM 2019 in Scottsdale, AZ<br></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify; widows: 1;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 14px; "><br></span></font></div><div><div>On Sep 18, 2019, at 11:05, Andrew Parker wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite">
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Dear Ishan Singhal
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<div>Thank you so much for these very significant and insightful comments. I am sure it is not helpful to link a simple perceptual phenomenon with the complex structure of thought that surrounds the mythological aspects of the third eye in diverse cultures. </div>
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<div>Best Wishes </div>
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<div>Andrew Parker<br>
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<div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
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On 18 Sep 2019, at 19:10, Ishan Singhal <<a href="mailto:ishan.s@cbcs.ac.in">ishan.s@cbcs.ac.in</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div>Greetings Dr. Gallagher,</div>
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<div>Let me first congratulate you on your discovery. Not only is it easily reproducible by your instructions, but it is also immediately visible. Such strong illusions will grant the future readers of your paper great ease of relating phenomenologically.</div>
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<div>However, I don't quite see any relation of it to Eastern spiritual mythology (specifically Hinduism and or Buddhism). While yes, on the surface there is talk of a third eye in both these spiritual/philosophical schools, however the relation to this illusion
I feel might be overstated and spurious. First of all, the third eye of Shiva is depicted as rotated 90 degrees and situated "vertically" between the two eyes. A common custom in Hinduism involves putting a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka">tilaka</a>"
to symbolize one's third eye, this too is shaped like an eye rotated 90 degrees. See
<a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1536&bih=702&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=mVeCXYjjOofOvgTG1JWIAg&q=shiva+third+eye&oq=shiva+third+eye&gs_l=img.3...98632.100769..100990...0.0..0.0.0.......0....1..gws-wiz-img.oj73OeiK8Lk&ved=0ahUKEwjIk8Tp4drkAhUHp48KHUZqBSEQ4dUDCAY&uact=5">
here</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_eye#/media/File:Shiva_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_22971.jpg">
here.</a></div>
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<div>In Buddhism the depictions of the third eye are usually by a circular dot. Debates about it's origins are two-fold. One, that they adopted the Yoga schools' ideas of a "third eye chakra" (many depictions show a spiraling circle, another word for such a
figure in Sanskirt is "chakra") or the second more likely origin story of the dot depicting the focal location of meditation. Usually, a point is chosen to focus attention during closed eye mindfulness meditation. Buddhist practices include focusing on either
breath, the touch of the breath as it leaves the nostrils or on the gap (near the forehead) between the eyes. </div>
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<div>Finally, both Shiva and Buddha, in their respective stories, get enlightened with eyes closed meditation. And there are a lot of metaphorical claims about third eyes in both these spiritual practices, none of which seem perceptual or phenomenological. </div>
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<div>As novel and wonderfully strong your discovery is, any claims of relating it to Eastern thought are unwarranted. To summarize this view 1) The way in which the third eye is depicted in historical texts, statues, idols and paintings are not how we see the
"third eye" in your illusion. 2) This is further shown by how Hindus put tilaka. 3) Buddhists depict third eyes with a dot, specifying location of focus. 4) "Opening third eye" in both these cultures is a focused meditation and mindfulness based practice,
almost always done with eyes closed. 5) Both these Gods (Shiva and Buddha) achieved access to third eye through eyes closed meditation. Even in the figures of your pre-print, Shiva's eye is shown rotated 90 degrees, while the one of Buddha seems like a contemporary
artistic rendition and not based on original depictions.</div>
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<div>I write to you with an urgent request to avoid unnecessarily evoking Eastern thought, because this dilutes the impact of attempts which necessitate reference to Eastern thought. </div>
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<div>Thank You,</div>
<div>Ishan Singhal</div>
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<div>PhD Student</div>
<div>Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences</div>
<div>University of Allahabad</div>
<div>India</div>
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<div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Wed, Sep 18, 2019 at 8:23 PM Regan Gallagher <<a href="mailto:regan.gallagher@monash.edu">regan.gallagher@monash.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div style="word-wrap:break-word" dir="auto">Dear colleagues,
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<div>Thank you to those who made contact with us and pointed us to relevant literature and demonstrations. It appears that the Third-eye rivalry effect hasn’t been reported so far in the scientific literature. For those interested, we have uploaded a quick
summary and pre-print detailing our discovery.</div>
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<div>See a lay description here: <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </span><a>https://link.growkudos.com/1kacuq5pqm8</a></div>
<div>For the pre-print see here: <a>https://psyarxiv.com/9p6da/</a></div>
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<div>As before, any comments, critiques, or relevant literature are very welcome. </div>
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<div>Kind regards, </div>
<div>Regan Gallagher</div>
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