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<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB">Nice to have the challenge: here are a few remarks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">1)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Retinotopy
is probably efficient but not essential for visual processing. The only relationships that matter in the nervous system are the connections between nerve cells. So, the idea that retinotopy is important because the cortical representation is a distorted replica
of the retinal image is surely for the birds. We might as well worry that the image of the world is “upside down” on the visual cortex, an issue that used to present problems but now poses us no problems at all nowadays.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">2)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Retinotopy
arises in part because that’s how the nervous system builds itself, as it does for other sensory systems. Several constraints arise from the principle of “fire together, wire together”. But there are other factors related to contact molecules (ephrins) in
visual development. These matters bite before visual input to the cortex really gets going. So, by the time vision truly arrives, the system is already topographic, if not fully retinotopic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">3)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">For
humans, alignment of retinotopy for left and right eyes is critical. It really looks as if part of amblyopia is due to the “scrambling” of the retinotopy of one eye in its mapping onto the cortex. A powerful piece of evidence here are the reports of spatial
distortions in geometric figures when viewed by the amblyopic eye, as compared with viewing by the fellow eye. Stereo-depth from binocularity will of course fail if the mapping is not correct. Contrariwise, in animals like mice, with limited binocular visual
fields, retinotopy marches on across the cortex regardless of engagement from the other eye.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">4)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">There’s
another point about binocular retinotopic mapping, which is that it is really hard to see how stereo could ever develop without going through the alignment of two monocular retinotopic maps. It’s not impossible, but binocular alignment of retinotopy provides
a simple developmental mechanism that enables stereo through a controlled, local mismatching of inputs from left and right eyes. This is a sort of counter-argument to point 1 above, but the issue with stereo is that it depends on the relationship of left and
right eye retinotopies, not just the existence of retinotopic maps for each eye taken alone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">5)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">There
are some properties of perception that are hard to explain with retinotopic maps. One example is perception of symmetry, which may involve matching of corresponding points that are separated by many millimeters of cortical distance, at least in V1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">6)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">For
many of the spatial relationships that we need to process computationally from the visual inputs, near-neighbour relationships are dominant. Thus, the nervous system can save on economy of wiring by setting things up on a retinotopic basis. The saving is more
than just the cost of building connections with “long wires”, because, in long-term use, long wires also cost more metabolic energy, as there are more sodium pumps to be maintained along each mm of wire length.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB">7)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-feature-settings: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-variation-settings: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">For
some developmental cases, the topography becomes substantially rearranged without complete loss of spatial visual performance. A recent example is <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0809688106">https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0809688106</a>,
which is interesting, particularly because it involves a very early deficit at the cortical level. Another example to consider is the rearrangement of visual projections in albino individuals. In both these cases, the details of the topography are different
from typical human patters, but nonetheless basic spatial function of visuo-motor responses are preserved and geometrically correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-GB">There’s a nice discussion of a number of these points in <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;">Kremkow J, Alonso JM. Thalamocortical Circuits and Functional Architecture. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2018 Sep 15;4:263-285. doi: 10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034122. Epub 2018 Jun 1. PMID: 29856937; PMCID: PMC7525828.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;">Andrew</p>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On 27. Sep 2023, at 17:34, Paul Linton <paul.linton@columbia.edu> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">
<div>Hi Jorge, </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Echoing Tomas Knapen's excellent discussion (and work!), you might also be interested in the discussion in:</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Linton, P. (2021), ‘V1 as an Egocentric Cognitive Map’, <i>Neuroscience of Consciousness</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, 2021(2), 17:</span></div>
<div><a href="https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2021/2/niab017/6369785">https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2021/2/niab017/6369785</a> </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thanks so much, </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Paul</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On 26 Sep 2023, at 16:15, Tomas Knapen <<a href="mailto:tknapen@gmail.com">tknapen@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<div style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">
<div dir="auto">
<div>Hi Jorge,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>We recently wrote a review about exactly this issue, prompted by a slew of recent studies showing coding of visual space throughout the brain (1). This builds on many ideas, also from the ones you’re citing. I personally love Koenderink earlier work on
this subject too (2).</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Interesting directions (again, personal opinion) are how different regions have specific biases in the representation of visual space, like in Uri Hasson’s earlier work (3). And, recent ideas by Mike Arcaro and Marge Livingstone about how different sensory
topographies relate to one another (4). </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Hope this helps, would love to discuss more.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Tomas</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div class="csl-entry" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="csl-left-margin">1.</span><span class="csl-right-inline">Groen, I. I. A., Dekker, T. M., Knapen, T. & Silson, E. H. Visuospatial coding as ubiquitous scaffolding for human cognition. <i>Trends
Cogn Sci</i> (2021) doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.10.011.</span></div>
<div class="csl-entry" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="csl-left-margin">2.</span><span class="csl-right-inline">Koenderink, J. J. The brain a geometry engine. <i>Psychological Res</i> <b>52</b>, 122–127 (1990).</span></div>
<div class="csl-entry" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="csl-left-margin">3.</span><span class="csl-right-inline">Hasson, U., Levy, I., Behrmann, M., Hendler, T. & Malach, R. Eccentricity Bias as an Organizing Principle for Human High-Order Object
Areas. <i>Neuron</i> <b>34</b>, 479–490 (2002).</span></div>
<div class="csl-entry" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="csl-left-margin">4.</span><span class="csl-right-inline">Arcaro, M. J. & Livingstone, M. S. On the relationship between maps and domains in inferotemporal cortex. <i>Nat Rev Neurosci</i> <b>22</b>,
573–583 (2021).</span></div>
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</div>
<br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfSignature">
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<blockquote type="cite">On 26 Sep 2023, at 20:23, Jorge Almeida <<a href="mailto:jorgecbalmeida@gmail.com">jorgecbalmeida@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">Just some context that I should have given (sorry!!!). This comes from 1) the beautiful discussions on the functional role of retinotopy for instance between people like Jon Kaas and others (e.g., "Kaas, J (1997). Topographic maps are fundamental
to sensory processing. Brain Research Bulletin, 44(2), 107-112. vs. Weinberg, R. (1997). Are topographic maps fundamental to sensory processing? Brain Research Bulletin, 44(2), 113-116.); and 2) trying to understand how, in general, topographic maps such
as retinotopy can be important functionally (and not just neurally) and can guide our understanding of how the mind works (at different levels of abstraction). Thank you all so much!
<div>jorge almeida</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Sep 25, 2023 at 11:51 PM Jorge Almeida <<a href="mailto:jorgecbalmeida@gmail.com">jorgecbalmeida@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="auto">Dear all,
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div dir="auto">I was wondering if some of you can point me to a set of papers (or just send out some ideas) on whether and how the fact that we show that visual cortex is organized in a retinotipic map (or tonotopy in auditory cortex) is important in understanding
how vision works/the brain allows for visual processes.</div>
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div dir="auto">That is, is there a function for retinotopy as it comes to vision? How does showing retinotopic maps tell us anything about how vision works (mostly we focus on things like reducing connections and thus saving energy)? How does it impact visual
processing? What have we learnt about visual cognition from retinotopy? Perhaps even, are there visual effects that are a consequence of retinotopy?</div>
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div dir="auto">Sorry if the formulation of the question is not super clear and thanks in advance!</div>
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div dir="auto">Jorge Almeida</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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